#Grammar #C1 #C2 #IELTS6.5_7.5
The goods are imported from Italy.
The goods were imported from Italy.
The goods are being imported from Italy.
The goods were being imported from Italy.
The goods are going to be imported from Italy.
The goods have been imported from Italy.
The goods had been imported from Italy.
The goods will be imported from Italy.
The goods can be imported from Italy.
The goods have to be imported from Italy.
The goods might have been imported from Italy.
The goods must have been imported from Italy.
The passive is formed with the verb be + past participle.
ကံပုံစံကို be + past participle တွေနဲ့ ဖန်တီးပါတယ်။
Intransitive verbs (verbs with no object, e.g. appear, come, go) cannot be used in the passive form.
(appear, come, go တို့လို တိုက်ရိုက်ကံ မရှိတဲ့ ကြိယာ) Intransitive verb တွေမှာ ကံပုံစံကို သုံးလို့ မရပါဘူး။
There is no passive form for the present or past perfect continuous tense or the future continuous tenses. (We do not say The goods have/had been being imported or will be being imported.)
present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future continuous – tense တွေအတွက် ကံပုံစံ မရှိပါဘူး။
(The goods have/had been being imported. The Goods will be being imported. လို့ သုံးလေ့ မရှိပါဘူး။)
We use the passive to focus attention on the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb:
ကြိယာရဲ့ လုပ်ဆောင်ချက်က သက်ရောက်တဲ့ သက်ရှိသက်ရှိမဲ့တွေကို အလေးပေးဖို့ ကံပုံစံကို သုံးကြပါတယ်။
when the identity of the person/thing doing the action (= agent) is unknown or unimportant:
လုပ်ဆောင်တဲ့ သက်ရှိသက်မဲ့(= agent)ကို မသိတဲ့အခါ၊ ဒါမှမဟုတ် လုပ်ဆောင်တဲ့ သက်ရှိသက်မဲ့(= agent)ကို (ထုတ်ပြောဖို့) အရေးမကြီးတဲ့အခါတွေမှာ ကံပုံစံကို သုံးပါတယ်။
My office was broken into last night.
Tonight’s football match has been cancelled.
When it is obvious who/what the agent is:
agent က ဘယ်သူဘယ်အရာရယ်လို့ ထင်ရှားနေတဲ့အခါမှာ ကံပုံစံကို သုံးပါတယ်။
He was arrested and charged with theft. (Only the police can arrest and charge people.)
If we want to mention the agent in a passive sentence, we use the preposition by:
ကံဝါကျတွေမှာ agent ကို ဖော်ပြချင်ရင် ဝိဘတ် by ကို သုံးပါတယ်။
The goods are imported by a chain of supermarkets.
The passive is often used to describe technical or scientific processes:
နည်းပညာပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ၊ သိပ္ပံဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ဆောင်ချက်/ဖြစ်ပျက်စဉ်တွေကို ဖော်ပြဖို့အတွက် ကံပုံစံကို သုံးကြတာ များပါတယ်။
Water was added and the mixture was heated to 85℃.
With verbs like know, believe, think, consider, expect, report we can use the passive + infinitive. We can also use an impersonal construction with It + passive + that + clause:
know, believe, think, consider, expect, report တို့လို့ ကြိယာတွေနဲ့ passive + infinitive ကို သုံးနိုင်ပါတယ်။ It + passive + that + clause ဆိုတဲ့ ဓမ္မဓိဋ္ဌာန်ပုံစံကိုလည်း သုံးနိုင်ပါတယ်။
Bill Gates is known to be one of the world’s richest people.
Twenty people are reported to have been injured in the fire.
It is believed that the accident was caused by a gal leak.
It has been estimated that average house prices will fall by 5% this year.
Structures like these are often used:
အထက်က ပုံစံမျိုးတွေကို ဟောဒီကိစ္စတွေအတွက် မကြာခဏ သုံးလေ့ရှိတာပါ။
to express an opinion that is widely accepted as true
အများက အမှန်တရားအဖြစ် လက်ခံထားတဲ့ အယူအဆကို ဖော်ပြဖို့ သုံးပါတယ်။
when you can’t or don’t want to identify a source of information
ဘယ်သူဘယ်ဝါက ပြောပါတယ်/ဘယ်နေရာမှာ ဖတ်ရကြားရပါတယ်-လို့ မူလပြောသူ/ရေးသူတွေကို မပြောနိုင်/မပြောချင်တဲ့အခါမှာ သုံးပါတယ်။
We also use the passive to create a ‘flow’ in text:
စာသွားစာလာ၊ စကားသွားစကားလာ အဆင်ပြေအောင်လည်း ကံပုံစံကို သုံးပါတယ်။
to put ‘known information’ at the beginning of a sentence:
ဝါကျရဲ့ ရှေ့ဆုံးမှာ 'သိပြီးသား အကြောင်းအရာ'ကို ပြောဖို့ သုံးပါတယ်။
The police have started to take a tougher line with petty criminals. Many of them are now being given prison sentences. (petty criminals ကို နောက်ဝါကျရဲ့ အစမှာ Many of them ဆိုပြီး ထားတာကို သတိပြုပါ။)
to avoid the awkwardness of a very long subject:
ကတ္တားပုဒ်က အရှည်ကြီးဖြစ်နေရင် ကို့ရို့ကားရားနဲ့ ဖတ်လို့ မကောင်းပါဘူး။ အဲဒါမျိုး မဖြစ်အောင် ရှောင်ဖို့ ကံပုံစံကို သုံးပါတယ်။
The player who has won ‘football of the year’ most times addressed the club management.
ပြုပြင်ထားတဲ့ ကံပုံစံ - The club management was addressed by the player who has won ‘football of the year’ most times.
အဆင်ပြေကြပါစေ
ငြိမ်းချမ်းပါစေ မြန်မာပြည်
အေးချမ်းပါစေ ကမ္ဘာမြေ
A batch 7th TESOLer
Mandalay TESOL Centre
By VOA News https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-jobless-rate-rises-while-job-growth-slows #C2+ #IELTS #Reading #VOA #Business 1. Nonfarm (adj) relating to economic activities not associated with farming 2. Payroll (n) (A) a list of people employed by a company showing the amount of money to be paid to each of them We have 500 people on the payroll. Manufacturing payrolls have dropped by 16,000. (B) (usually singular) the total amount paid in wages by a company The firm is growing fast with a montly payroll of $1 million. They have an annual payroll of #23 million. 3. Modest (adj) not very large, expensive, important, etc. modest improvement/reforms He charged a relatively modest fee. a modest little house The research was carried out on a modest scale. The party made modest gains in teh elections, but nothing like the huge gains that were predicted. a modest increase in costs She had saved a modest amount of money. 4. Revise (v) to change sth because of new information or ideas The college ...
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