Young zebra finch telomeres serve as a marker for lifespan.
Heidi Ledford
09 January 2012
https://www.nature.com/news/telomere-length-in-birds-predicts-longevity-1.9755
#C1+ #IELTS #Reading #natureCom #Science #Medicine #Health #Genetics #Biology
လက်တလောမှာ Longevity အကြောင်း လိုက်ရှာရင်း သိပ္ပံသုတေသန အခြေခံတဲ့ The Telomere Effect ဆိုတဲ့ စာအုပ်တစ်အုပ် တွေ့မိလို့ ဟိုလှန်ဒီလှော လျှောက်ဖတ်ကြည့်ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ အဓိကဝေါဟာရဖြစ်တဲ့ Telomere စကားလုံးကိုပဲ ကိုယ်က မသိ။ ဒါနဲ့ပဲ အင်တာနက်ပေါ် ရှာကြည့်ရင်း ဒီဆောင်းပါးလေးဆီ ရောက်သွားတာ။ ခံစားကြည့်ပါ။
1. telomere \ˈteləˌmɪər, ˈtilə-\ (genetics) the natural end of a eukaryotic chromosome composed of a usually repetitive DNA sequence and serving to stabilize the chromosome; a structure made of DNA and protein located at the end of chromosomes that prevents damage during cell division
Each time a cell divides to drive growth and repair, its telomeres shorten.
But extremely short and extremely long telomeres are seen as a predictor of cancer risk.
2. zebra finch (n) any of various Australasian songbirds with zebra-like markings, such as the grassfinch Poephila castanotis; a small Australian waxbill, Poephila guttata, that has black-and-white barred plumage and a chestnut ear patch: popular as a cage bird
3. cap (n) a cluster of molecules or chemical groups bound to one end or a region of a cell, virus, or molecule
4. integrity (n) (formal) the state of being whole and not divided
to respect the territorial integrity of the nation
A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity.
syn: unity, unification, coherence
5. chromosome /ˈkrəʊməsəʊm/ (n) (biology) one of the very small structures like threads in the nuclei (= central parts) of animal and plant cells, that carry the genes
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in their cells.
He flipped to another photograph, showing a different pair of fragments on a different chromosome.
see also sex chromosome, X chromosome, Y chromosome
6. viability (n-U) (biology) the fact that sth is capable of developing and surviving independently
the viability of the fetus
As the world population of Hawaiian geese has shrunk to very small numbers, the bird's continuing viability is in doubt.
the long-term economic viability of the company
7. fray (v) (A) if cloth frays or sth frays it, the threads in it start to come apart
The cuffs of his shirt were fraying.
This material frays easily.
~ sth = It was fashionable to fray the bottoms of your jeans.
(B) fray (sth) = if sb's nerves or temper frays or sth frays them, the person starts to get irritated or annoyed
As the debate went on, tempers began to fray.
8. fusion /ˈfjuːʒn/ (n-U, singular) the process or result of joining two or more things together to form one; a combination of seperate qualities or ideas
the fusion of copper and zinc to produce brass
The movie displayed a perfect fusion of image and sound.
Her work is a fusion of several different styles.
the best fusion cuisine in the whole of Vancouver
9. assert /əˈsɜːt/ (v) to state clearly and firmly that sth is true
~ that... = She continued to assert that she was innocent.
~ sth = She continued to assert her innocence.
+ speech = 'That is wrong,' he asserted.
it is asserted that... = It is commonly asserted that older people perfer to receive care from family members.
syn: state, maintain, declare, allege, pronounce, affirm, profess, predicate, avow
10. ecologist (n) (A) a scientist who studies ecology; a scientist who studies the environment and the way that plants, animals, and humans live together and affect each other
(B) a person who is interested in ecology and believes the environment should be protected
syn: environmentalist, green
11. proceedings (n-pl) (A) an event or series of related events
Martin kicked off the proceedings with a stunning performance of his new hit single.
Millions of people watched the proceedings on television.
(B) (formal) an official record giving the details of what happened in a meeting
12. rush sth <-> out (v) to produce sth very quickly; to quickly produce sth and make it available for people to buy
The editors rushed out an item on the crash for the late news.
Thousands of copies of the CD have been rushed out in time for Christmas.
13. heterogeneous /ˌhetərəˈdʒiːniəs/ (adj) (formal) consisting of many different kinds of people or things
the heterogeneous population of the United States
a hetereogenous collection of buildings
Switzerland is a heterogeneous confederation of 26 self-governing cantons.
Archaeological studies of the tomes have shown the hetereogeneity of religious practices in the region.
syn: varied, different, mixed, diverse, disparate, miscellaneous, motley, divergent, manifold, discrepant
ant: homogeneous
14. abnormally (adv) in a way that is different from what is usual or expected, especially in a way that is worrying, harmful or not wanted
abnormally high blood pressure
The success rate was abnormally high.
an abnormally high pulse rate
syn: unusually, oddly, strangely, extremely, exceptionally, overly, excessively, in the extreme, uncommonly
15. dyskeratosis \ˌdis-ˌker-ə-ˈtō-səs\ (n) faulty development of the epidermis with abnormal keratinization
16. dyskeratosis congenita (n) a rare genetic form of bone marow failure, the inability of the marrow to produce sufficient blood cells. Dyskeratosis is Latin and means the irreversible degeneration of skin tissue, and congenita means inborn.
Dyskeratosis congenita is a disorder that can affect many parts of the body. There are three features that are characteristic of this disorder: fingernails and toenails that grow poorly or are abnormally shaped (nail dystrophy); changes in skin colouring (pigmentation), especially on the neck and chest, in a pattern often described as "lacy"; and whilte patches inside the mout (oral leukoplakia).
17. pin sth <-> down (v) to explain or understand sth exactly; to discover exactly details about sh
The cause of the disease is difficult to pin down precisely.
Officials are trying to pin down the cause of widespread power outages.
We can't pin down where the leak came from.
18. analogy /əˈnælədʒi/ (n) (A) a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar
~ (between A and B) = The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.
~ (with sth) = There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.
draw an ~ (= make an ~) = Our manager is fond of drawing analogies between business and football.
(B) (n-U) the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain it
learning by analogy
He uses the analogy of the family to explain the role of the state.
It is sometimes easire to illustrate an abstract concept by analogy with (= by comparing it with) something concrete.
syn: similarity, relation, comparison, parallel, correspondence, resemblance, correlation, likeness, equivalence
19. prepubescent /ˌpriːpjuːˈbesənt/ (adj) relating to the time just before puberty (= when you change from a child into an adult)
Brassieres upholstered with foam rubber were produced as beauty aids even for the well-endowed and even for prepubescent girls.
prepubescent girls/boys/children
20. proliferation /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ (n-U, Sing) the sudden increase in the number or amount of sth; a large number of a particular thing
attempts to prevent cancer cell proliferation
a proliferation of personal computers
the proliferation of global media networks
The past two years have seen the proliferation of TV channels.
syn: multiplication, increase, spread, build-up, concentration, expansion, extension, escalation, intensification
21. turnover (n) the continuous process of loss and replacement of a constituent (such as cell or tissue) of a living system
syn: replacement, change
22. get down to sth (v) to begin to do sth; to give serious attention to sth
Let's get down to business.
I like to get down to work by 9.
get down to sth doing sth = It's time I got down to thinking about that essay.
I've got a lot of work to do, but I can't seem to get down to it.
I must get down to booking the hotels.
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